violence and women :: essays research papers

Viciousness and Women I imagined that our conversation worked out in a good way. We had a little gathering of around six individuals however three of us were pioneers so we had a great deal to discuss. Every one of us went around and posed one inquiry since we didn't have the opportunity to talk about them all. In any case, that didn't make a difference in light of the fact that different pioneers had comparative inquiries to mine. I had the option to recover various reactions from the others in the gathering for three out of my four inquiries. Â Â Â Â Â My first inquiry posed to why assault was quite a lot more typical among understudies than among the entire rest of the populace. The gathering concocted the way that school is the first run through individuals find drinking and sexuality and need to do all the testing they can. Additionally it is the first run through most understudies are on their own importance without the direction of their folks, and that could presumably impact their dynamic for the more terrible. Additionally a school grounds has an all the more tolerating environment for assault and lewd behavior. Consistently understudies are vigorously drinking, going to move clubs or gatherings with moving, while individuals of more established age bunches have families to deal with, occupations and more obligations by and large. For somebody more established, being blamed for assault could destroy their life and most men would not have any desire to hazard that. This leads into my next inquiry concerning cr ew houses as high-hazard conditions for assault, and why we endure this conduct. Twenty-five percent of school ladies experience lewd behavior or assault and 10% of assaults in universities occur in organization houses. An examination was done on school grounds about the contrast between societies with a generally safe and the high-danger of rape or assault. Understudies were approached to distinguish which ones were which and they could undoubtedly perceive this. So my inquiry was, if everybody knows these distinctions, for what reason do people take an interest in exercises that help the assault culture when they see its shameful acts? The primary reaction from the gathering was that we most likely divert our cheeks from such conduct. We don't figure it could transpire or individuals we partner with. We started discussing the distinctions in the gatherings, yet I think it was difficult for everybody to legitimately relate ourselves to the circumstance since Washington College isn' t that way. viciousness and ladies :: papers research papers Viciousness and Women I imagined that our conversation worked out positively. We had a little gathering of around six individuals however three of us were pioneers so we had a great deal to discuss. Every one of us went around and posed one inquiry since we didn't have the opportunity to talk about them all. In any case, that didn't make a difference in light of the fact that different pioneers had comparative inquiries to mine. I had the option to recover various reactions from the others in the gathering for three out of my four inquiries. Â Â Â Â Â My first inquiry posed to why assault was a great deal more typical among undergrads than among the entire rest of the populace. The gathering thought of the way that school is the first run through individuals find drinking and sexuality and need to do all the testing they can. Additionally it is the first run through most understudies are on their own importance without the direction of their folks, and that could likely impact their dynamic for the more awful. Likewise a school grounds has an all the more tolerating air for assault and lewd behavior. Consistently understudies are intensely drinking, going to move clubs or gatherings with moving, while individuals of more seasoned age bunches have families to deal with, occupations and more obligations by and large. For somebody more established, being blamed for assault could demolish their life and most men would not have any desire to chance that. This leads into my next inquiry regarding organization houses as hi gh-chance situations for assault, and why we endure this conduct. Twenty-five percent of school ladies experience lewd behavior or assault and 10% of assaults in universities occur in society houses. An investigation was done on school grounds about the distinction between brotherhoods with a generally safe and the high-danger of rape or assault. Understudies were approached to distinguish which ones were which and they could without much of a stretch perceive this. So my inquiry was, if everybody knows these distinctions, for what reason do people take part in exercises that help the assault culture when they see its shameful acts? The principal reaction from the gathering was that we presumably divert our cheeks from such conduct. We don't figure it could transpire or individuals we partner with. We started discussing the distinctions in the gatherings, yet I think it was difficult for everybody to straightforwardly relate ourselves to the circumstance since Washington College isn 't that way.

Property, Plant And Equipment Essay Example for Free

Property, Plant And Equipment Essay Things of property, plant, and hardware ought to be perceived as resources when it is plausible that: [IAS 16.7] it is likely that the future financial advantages related with the benefit will stream to the element, and the expense of the benefit can be estimated dependably. This acknowledgment standard is applied to all property, plant, and hardware costs at the time they are caused. These expenses incorporate expenses brought about at first to gain or build a thing of property, plant and hardware and expenses caused in this manner to add to, supplant some portion of, or administration it. IAS 16 doesn't endorse the unit of measure for acknowledgment †what establishes a thing of property, plant, and gear. [IAS 16.9] Note, in any case, that if the cost model is utilized (see beneath) each piece of a thing of property, plant, and hardware with a cost that is noteworthy corresponding to the complete expense of the thing must be deteriorated independently. [IAS 16.43] IAS 16 perceives that pieces of certain things of property, plant, and gear may require substitution at normal interims. The conveying measure of a thing of property, plant, and gear will incorporate the expense of supplanting theâ part of such a thing when, that cost is acquired if the acknowledgment rules (future advantages and estimation unwavering quality) are met. The conveying measure of those parts that are supplanted is derecognised as per the derecognition arrangements of IAS 16.67-72. [IAS 16.13] Also, proceeded with activity of a thing of property, plant, and gear (for instance, an airplane) may require standard significant investigations for issues whether or not parts of the thing are supplanted. At the point when each significant examination is played out, its expense is perceived in the conveying measure of the thing of property, plant, and hardware as a substitution if the acknowledgment rules are fulfilled. In the event that vital, the assessed cost of a future comparative investigation might be utilized as a sign of what the expense of the current review part was the point at which the thing was gained or built. [IAS 16.14] Introductory Measurement A thing of property, plant and hardware ought to at first be recorded at cost. [IAS 16.15] Cost incorporates all costs important to carry the resource for working condition for its expected use. This would incorporate its unique price tag as well as expenses of site readiness, conveyance and dealing with, establishment, related proficient charges for modelers and engineers, and the evaluated cost of destroying and evacuating the advantage and reestablishing the site (see IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets). [IAS 16.16-17] In the event that installment for a thing of property, plant, and gear is conceded, enthusiasm at a market rate must be perceived or credited. [IAS 16.23] If a benefit is procured in return for another advantage (regardless of whether comparative or unique in nature), the cost will be estimated at the reasonable worth except if (a) the trade exchange needs business substance or (b) the reasonable estimation of neither the benefit got nor the benefit surrendered is dependably quantifiable. In the event that the gained thing isn't estimated at reasonable worth, its expense is estimated at the conveying measure of the benefit surrendered. [IAS 16.24] Estimation Subsequent to Initial Recognition IAS 16 grants two bookkeeping models: Cost Model. The benefit is conveyed at cost less gathered deterioration and debilitation. [IAS 16.30] Revaluation Model. The advantage is conveyed at a revalued sum, being its reasonable incentive at the date of revaluation lessâ subsequent devaluation and weakness, given that reasonable worth can be estimated dependably. [IAS 16.31] The Revaluation Model Under the revaluation model, revaluations ought to be done normally, with the goal that the conveying measure of an advantage doesn't contrast substantially from its reasonable incentive at the asset report date. [IAS 16.31] If a thing is revalued, the whole class of advantages for which that benefit has a place ought to be revalued. [IAS 16.36] Revalued resources are devalued similarly as under the cost model (see underneath). In the event that a revaluation brings about an expansion in esteem, it ought to be credited to other thorough pay and collected in value under the heading revaluation surplus except if it speaks to the inversion of a revaluation reduction of a similar resource recently perceived as a cost, in which case it ought to be perceived as salary. [IAS 16.39] An abatement emerging because of a revaluation ought to be perceived as a cost to the degree that it surpasses any sum recently attributed to the revaluation surplus identifying with a similar resource. [IAS 16.40] When a revalued resource is discarded, any revaluation surplus might be moved straightforwardly to held income, or it might be left in value under the heading revaluation overflow. The exchange to held profit ought not be made through the salary articulation (that is, no reusing through benefit or misfortune). [IAS 16.41] Deterioration (Cost and Revaluation Models) For every single depreciable resource: The depreciable sum (cost less lingering esteem) ought to be designated on an efficient premise over the advantages valuable life [IAS 16.50]. The leftover worth and the valuable existence of a benefit ought to be checked on in any event at each money related year-end and, if desires contrast from past assessments, any change is represented tentatively as an adjustment in gauge under IAS 8. [IAS 16.51] The deterioration technique utilized ought to mirror the example where the advantages monetary advantages are devoured by the element [IAS 16.60]; The deterioration technique ought to be surveyed at any rate every year and, if the example of utilization of advantages has changed, the devaluation strategy ought to be changed tentatively as an adjustment in gauge under IAS 8. [IAS 16.61] Depreciation ought to be charged to the salary proclamation, except if it is remembered for the conveying measure of another benefit [IAS 16.48]. Depreciationâ begins when the advantage is accessible for use and proceeds until the benefit is derecognised, regardless of whether it is inactive. [IAS 16.55] Recoverability of the Carrying Amount IAS 36 requires hindrance testing and, if fundamental, acknowledgment for property, plant, and hardware. A thing of property, plant, or hardware will not be conveyed at more than recoverable sum. Recoverable sum is the higher of a benefits reasonable worth less expenses to sell and its incentive being used. Any case for pay from outsiders for hindrance is remembered for benefit or misfortune when the case gets receivable. [IAS 16.65] Derecogniton (Retirements and Disposals) An advantage ought to be expelled from the asset report on removal or when it is pulled back from use and no future monetary advantages are normal from its removal. The addition or misfortune on removal is the contrast between the returns and the conveying sum and ought to be perceived in the pay explanation. [IAS 16.67-71] If a substance leases a few resources and afterward stops to lease them, the advantages ought to be moved to inventories at their conveying sums as they become held available to be purchased in the normal course of business. [IAS 16.68A] Exposure For each class of property, plant, and gear, uncover: [IAS 16.73] reason for estimating conveying sum  depreciation method(s) utilized valuable lives or deterioration rates net conveying sum and amassed deterioration and debilitation misfortunes compromise of the conveying sum toward the start and the finish of the period, appearing: increments removals acquisitions through business blends revaluation increments or diminishes impedance misfortunes inversions of impedance misfortunes deterioration net outside trade contrasts on interpretation different developments Likewise unveil: [IAS 16.74] limitations on title uses to develop property, plant, and hardware during the period legally binding duties to procure property, plant, and gear remuneration from outsiders for things of property, plant, and hardware that were hindered, lost or surrendered that is remembered for benefit or misfortune If property, plant, and gear is expressed at revalued sums, certain extra divulgences are required: [IAS 16.77] the viable date of the revaluation regardless of whether an autonomous valuer was included the strategies and critical suspicions utilized in assessing reasonable qualities the degree to which reasonable qualities were resolved legitimately by reference to detectable costs in a functioning business sector or late market exchanges on a manageable distance terms or were evaluated utilizing other valuation methods for each revalued class of property, the conveying sum that would have been perceived had the benefits been conveyed under the cost model the revaluation overflow, remembering changes during the period and any limitations for the dispersion of the equalization to investors

How to Use Journaling to Cope With PTSD

How to Use Journaling to Cope With PTSD PTSD Coping Print How Journaling Can Help With PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on February 19, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Gianni Diliberto/Caiaimage/Getty Images Some psychotherapists are now recommending journaling, also called expressive writing, to help people cope with the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).?? If you have PTSD, heres how journaling can help, as well as how to do it. Overall Benefits Journaling is one method of helping people cope with any type of traumatic event. Expressive writing has been found to improve physical and psychological health for people with a number of physical and mental health conditions. One of the benefits of journaling is that its inexpensiveâ€"the cost of paper and a penâ€"and can be done almost anywhere or anytime. Some of the general health benefits of journaling include improved cognitive function, counteracting many of the negative effects of stress, and strengthened immune function.?? Benefits for People With PTSD In recent years, research has shown that journaling may help people with PTSD in several different ways. Psychologically, expressive writing appears to help people better cope with the symptoms of PTSD, such as anxiety and anger.?? Physically, journaling can make a difference as well, reducing body tension and restoring focus. In addition, we are learning that traumatic events may lead not just to post-traumatic stress, but to post-traumatic growth.?? In other words, there can be silver linings and experiencing trauma may help you change in positive ways as well. Expressive writing has been found not only to improve the symptoms of PTSD and coping with them, but it also appears to help foster post-traumatic growth, or the ability to find meaning in and have positive life changes following a traumatic event. Journal Writing to Ease Anxiety Before You Begin Before journaling, find a notebook and a favorite pen. Some people prefer to have more than one notebook, reserving one to use as a  gratitude journal, and the other to include all other thoughts and feelings. You may want to think about where you will keep your journal between writings. Some people prefer to keep it in a private location, whereas others dont feel this need. Whats most important is that your words are only accessible to those who you wish to read them. Steps for Journaling Follow these six steps to begin journaling: Find a quiet time and place where there are going to be few distractions. Dont be concerned, however, if there is some noise, or if you only have a short period of time. Some people find that writing at a bus station, on a bus, or even during a five-minute break during the day is very helpful.Take a few minutes to think about how your PTSD or traumatic event has impacted you and your life.Begin writing about your deepest thoughts and feelings regarding your PTSD or the traumatic event you experienced. If possible, write for at least 20 minutes. (Note, this is ideal, but again, any amount of time is often helpful, especially if you find it hard isolating this amount of time every day.)Once youve finished writing, read what you wrote and pay attention to how you feel. Notice any changes in your thoughts or feelings as a result of writing.Although long-term benefits of writing have been found, writing about your PTSD or traumatic event will naturally initially bring up some distressing thoughts and feelings,?? so make sure you have a plan for how to manage this distress.Repeat steps 1 through 5, writing about the same topic for at least two more days. It has been found that writing about the same topic on consecutive days can help organize and improve the clarity of your thoughts and feelings about a stressful event. You may be surprised at the clarity that journaling can bring. Journaling Tips Here are some other tips to keep in mind while youre writing: Dont worry about spelling or grammar. Focus simply on getting all of your thoughts and feelings down.Try to be as descriptive as possible in your writing. For example, when youre describing your feelings, write about the thoughts connected to those feelings and how those emotions felt in your body (for instance, My heart was racing, or My muscles were very tense.). This will help increase your awareness and the clarity of your emotions and thoughts.You may find it helpful to keep what you write so that you can look at it to see how your thoughts and feelings have changed over the course of using this coping strategy. However, if youre concerned about others finding your writings, you should find a safe and secure way of throwing them away.It may be important to at first set aside some time every day to write. However, you can also use expressive writing whenever something stressful happens. It can be a good coping strategy to add to your healthy coping repertoire. Journaling Prompts Here are a few prompts to get you started or to continue when you feel stuck: Write about your traumatic experience. Be as detailed as you can with what happened and how it made you feel, both emotionally and physically.Write about what you learned from the experience, whether its good or bad.How does the experience affect you now? Give details.What do you wish you could do differently or change? Why?Describe some of the key causes of stress in your life now. Has this changed since your traumatic experience? If so how? Can you pinpoint why?How did your experience impact others? This could be either others that were involved or the people in your life now.Is there anything you wish you had really taken the time to appreciate before the experience or that youd give anything to have back?Are there ways in which you can use your experience to help others? Brainstorm ideas. Looking for the Positive Knowing that people with PTSD experience not just stress but post-traumatic growth may bring a small ray of light to a difficult situation. Some people have found that taking the time to write about these positive changes, in essence, writing about gratitude, is helpful as they heal.?? If youre looking for evidence of post-traumatic growth in your life, think of anything you might call a silver lining of your experience. Some people speak of the gifts of PTSD or the benefits of PTSD when speaking of these changes. Certainly, you may need to make a stretch in doing this, especially if you have only recently developed PTSD and the traumatic event that stimulated your distress is fairly recent. In time, and in addition to working through the difficulties in your life related to your diagnosis, you may begin to have moments when you catch yourself writing what PTSD has taught me. Expressing your thoughts in writing in this way may not only help you work through the awfulness of the trauma, but it can make you more aware of your healing along the way. 9 Ways to Relieve Your Anxiety Associated With PTSD

Social Networks And The Internet - 2017 Words

Social networks and the use of them are becoming increasingly common in today’s globalizing world. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr and other social media networks have become fixtures in our culture and have become a part of the lives of its everyday users. The Internet, in part, has allowed social media networks to establish a way to transfer, store, and share private information about those that use it. This information can shared with other corporations and governments which can then be used to track, monitor, and create a perfect agent of the user. The private information shared can typically be done without knowledge of the user, but with the consent given under the â€Å"terms of service agreement† on the initial sign up. Privacy†¦show more content†¦In this ever evolving technological world, social networks and the laws surrounding them are extensively out of date. An article published by Duke Law Technology Review, published in 2014, entitled, â⠂¬Å"Reasonable Expectations of Privacy Settings: Social Media and the Stored Communications Act† exemplifies the essential need of additional and modernized laws. The article refers to the specific regulation known as the Stored Communications Act passed by Congress in 1986. The article states the goal of the (CSA) is â€Å"to provide additional protections for individuals’ private communications content held in electronic storage by third parties† (Borchert, Pinguelo and Thaw 36-37). The difficulty with this is that minimal updates have been made to this law since its passing nearly 30 years ago. Additionally, the law has â€Å"†¦language specific to the technology of 1986, courts today have struggled to apply the SCA consistently with regard to similar private content sent using different technologies† (Borchert, Pinguelo and Thaw 38-39). What is more troublesome is that today’s technology can no longer correlated to the technology of 1986. F urther arguments towards stricter and enhanced laws is furthered pressed in the article when the original intent of â€Å"SCA† was to be the framework of an ever evolving protections for individual’s privacy rights with third parties. This regrettably

A Guide to Spanishs Future Tense

The conjugation of the future indicative tense in Spanish is easiest of all the conjugations. It is the same for all three types of verbs (-ar, -er and -ir), and the ending is attached to the infinitive instead of a verb stem. Furthermore, there are few verbs that are irregular in the future tense, and those that are are still recognizable. Future Tense Conjugation The following list shows the future tense endings using the example of hablar(to speak). The endings are in boldface: yo hablarà © (I will speak)tà º hablarà ¡s (you will speak)à ©l, ella, usted hablarà ¡ (he, she, you will speak)nosotros, nosotras hablaremos (we will speak)vosotros, vosotras hablarà ©is (you will speak)ellos, ellas, ustedes hablarà ¡n (they, you will speak) Note how the same conjugation is used for an -ir verb: yo dormirà © (I will sleep)tà º dormirà ¡s (you will sleep)à ©l, ella, usted dormirà ¡ (he, she, you will sleep)nosotros, nosotras dormiremos (we will sleep)vosotros, vosotras dormirà ©is (you will sleep)ellos, ellas, ustedes dormirà ¡n (they, you will sleep) Most of the verbs that are irregular in the future tense modify the stem but leave the endings the same as above. For example, the future tense conjugation of decir is dirà ©, dirà ¡s, dirà ¡, diremos, dirà ©is, dirà ¡n. There arent a lot of verbs that are irregular in the future, as even some verbs that are highly irregular (such as ir and ser) stay regular for the future tense. Among the most common irregular verbs and the stems used are caber (cabr-), haber (habr-), hacer (har-), poner (pondr-), poder (podr-), salir (saldr-), tener (tendr-), valer (valdr-) and venir (vendr-). Uses of the Future Tense While the conjugation (except for the few irregular verbs) is easy, what can be confusing is the uses of the future tense. As its name implies, the future tense is often used in discussing things that will happen. As in the above examples, the future tense frequently becomes the equivalent of the English will followed by the verb. ​Tendrà © tres hijos, I will have three children. Nadarà ¡ maà ±ana, she will swim tomorrow. The future tense of Spanish also has two other common uses: The suppositional future — The future tense can be used to indicate likelihood or probability in the present. The translation will depend on the context; in question form, it can indicate uncertainty. Serà ¡n las nueve, its probably 9 oclock. Tendrà ¡s hambre, you must be hungry.  ¿Quà © horas serà ¡n? I wonder what time it is. Estarà ¡ enferma, shes most likely sick. Emphatic command — As in English, the future tense can be used to indicate an intense demand. Comerà ¡s la espinaca, you WILL eat the spinach. Saldrà ¡s a las nueve, you WILL leave at 9.

Will I Survive High School - 1184 Words

Year 7 Life You walk into the school, on the first day. Can you hear that? It’s the ring of the bell. Ding†¦ding†¦ding! Or something like that. You’ll hear the school bell ring 10 times a day! Butterflies and nerves start filling your stomach and your whole body in a matter of seconds. Your heart starts beating and thumping 100 kilometres an hour, as loud as a jumbo jet. Thoughts start racing through your mind- â€Å"Am I going to make friends?† â€Å"Will I survive high school?† Those sort of questions aren’t as rare as most people might think. All the nerves, the worries and negative thoughts are very common and shared amongst most, if not all Year 7 students transitioning into high school. There’s so much to think about. The homework, the social life, the workload, and much more! That’s why in Term 1, all Year 7s are split up into several groups, and each group is provided with 2 Peer Support Leaders. Each group will be taken out of class once a week, and they will be shown around the school. The teachers, the classrooms and the students. All Peer Support Leaders are hand-picked, ensuring that all Year 7 students have the smoothest transition possible into their new lives at high school. â€Å"Is there a lot of homework?† That is the question on so many young minds of incoming students. That question does tend to cross most young minds upon transition into secondary school, and when the question is answered, a whole lot of weight is lifted off many people’s shoulders. Answering thatShow MoreRelatedFormal Education Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pageseducation do you think we need to survive? It is two types of education you need to survive. You need a formal education which is the grade level and learning from a teacher. The other type is life lessons. If you get a job with no high school education you will get paid less money. Formal education and life skills are necessary if you do not want to get played and if you want to make money. Gayle Allen said in her article â€Å"The skills students need to survive and thrive,† that â€Å"Hiring well isRead MoreEssay on Beals’ Reflection and Analysis1151 Words   |  5 PagesCentral High S chool, the highly segregated school in Arkansas in 1957. Despite the many objections from the segregationists and the Governor Faubus, the nine students were able to complete the school year. During the school year of 1957 – 1958, Melba and eight other African-American students received tremendous harassments from the Central High students, parents, administrators, and segregationists. Beals’ mother almost lost her, because she supported her daughter’s decision to attend Central High. PresidentRead MoreAlices Adventures in Wonderland1304 Words   |  5 Pagescommon feature of madness, yet the nonsense of this novel relates to the nonsense of Lowell High School, a public school that piles bricks of pressure on their students leading them to madness. Although, Alices Adventures in Wonderland contains a series of puzzles that seem unsolvable, it symbolizes a strong foundation that helps Lowell High School ninth graders gain knowledge about surviving the competitiv e school. Out of the whimsical growth changes of Alice, a ninth grader learns to present themselvesRead MoreHigh School Is The Best Time Of Your Life1215 Words   |  5 PagesI will never understand when someone says they miss high school, or when adults tell you that high school is the best time of your life. My five years in high school were the worst years of my life. The only good thing I can remember about high school is meeting my best friend. 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Well the reason is because they don’t know the right way to survive the go in blindly a nd think it just going to be like high school. Wrong it not and trust me I have learned in my short time that I have attended college. But with these easy steps I think that you may be able to make out alive. The first step is to start training early before the semester even starts. Meaning duringRead MoreAre You Nervous For Jr. High Can Be A Nasty Place?868 Words   |  4 PagesAre you nervous for Jr. High? Does your heart race at the speed of light when someone merely mentions it? Well, you don’t have to be scared anymore. I’m going to show you how to survive these intimidating three years, including everything you need to know for Jr High. There are many, many things you must know to survive, but two main things are being social and having study skills. I will introduce these mandatory rules to you. Jr. High can be a nasty place. Notice how I said can? 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Information System Management Amazon

Questions: 1.Give a Brief Introduction of the Business. 2.What is the Innovative Business Model using IT? 3.What are Innovative Business Processes using IT? 4.What are the Innovative Products or Services offered using IT? 5.What are the Innovative Business Values? 6. What are the Revenue Streams or Revenue Model? 7.What Technologies are most Important for this Model (RFID, ROBOTICS, 3D Printing. Or all). 8.Evolution: How this model has been Emerged? 9.Leadership: Background of the people behind it.10.Who are the Stakeholders? 11.How do they do Competitive Advantage? Answers: 1.Introduction on Amazon Business The report depicts the importance of implementing Information Technology in Amazon.com. The organization was founded by Jeff Bezos in the year of 1995. Initially, Amazon created a virtual platform for the book lovers and used to serve books. Amazon.com serves their services to the consumers, sellers, buyers and enterprises all over the world (Amazon 2015). The company has recently built a mobile application for the consumers, which could be accessed by the consumers regardless of their location and time. The price range and delivery time for the products are comparatively less than other online stores. Thus, most of the consumers prefer to use this online store to get their desired products. The integrated Information System used by Amazon.com includes supply chain management and customer relationship management to the customers. Due to innovative business strategy, Amazon.com has become one of the most successful online business organizations. The Electronic commerce business model used by Amaazon.com is found to be very much beneficial from the business perspectives. As, the number of consumers for the organization is growing rapidly thus, they need to add certain business and information strategy to satisfy the consumers (Varia and Mathew 2014). They provide their comments and responses only for the branded products served by Amazon.com. From the current annual report of Amazon.com it has been found that, though certain consequences are associated to the system but still the revenue structure is higher than other online service providers. Moreover, in order to grab competitive advantages from marketplace the organization uses different innovative business strategies and integrated Information System. 2.Innovative Business Model Using IT Used by Amazon.com The Chief Executive officer of Amazon.com stated that the concept of Business model innovation is referred to as a new emerging technology nowadays and it is the core or base for the entrepreneurial startup. In order to speed up the delivery of products and services, RFID tagging technology has been introduced by Amazon (Girotra and Netessine 2013). With the help of this technology the products tracking and monitoring has become more efficient. The existing software and robotics based infrastructure of Amazon is merged up with RFID and thus the delivery has become faster than others. It helps the organization to gain competitive advantage from the marketplace. Recently Amazon has received a high quality deal of attention to plan for the unnamed aerial vehicles widely known as drone to deliver products rather services to the consumers regardless of their location. It also improved its automated warehouse with addition to a virtual work zone for the robot and workers at the same time. In order to resolve the existing business inefficiency, Amazon implemented a centrally controlled system that will provide a routing instruction to the business organization. The instruction will be provided to the robots those are outfitted with the RFID tags. The technology will help to boost up the productivity of private and public automated warehouse of Amazon. The Amazon Web Service (AWS) provides a wide range of accessibility, data storage, backup resilience and disaster recovery to the organization. The evolutionary business model of Amazon.com shows that from 1995 to 2010 the business model is continuously changing by the developers. The inventory changes according to changing year are as follows: Year Inventory changes 1995 An online book retailing portal 1999 An auction and zshops 2000 Marketplace 2001 Partnership and logistic as well 2002 e-commerce platform 2007 E books The business model canvas of Amazon.com is build up of 9 building blocks such as consumer segmentation, revenue stream, cost structure, different key resources, consumer relationship management, key partnership, channels, key activities and value positioning (Madduri et al. 2014). All the components of the business model are interrelated to each other and none of the component could be executed singly. The service oriented architecture of Amazon.com is distributive by nature and the decentralized service platform makes it more robust and scalable. Figure 1: Business Model Canvas of Amazon.com (Source: Girotra and Netessine 2013, pp- 540) 3.Innovative Business Processes Using IT used by Amazon.com With the help of new cloud service currently Amazon is serving a automated business process. In order to provide large scale management services and transaction throughput Amazon.com is adapting significant Business Process Management (BPM). With the help of Simple Work Flow (SWF) service launched by Amazon Web Service (AWS) the customers of Amazon.com are capable to access both the cloud based and on premises business applications (Kalin 2013). The technology driven components of the business process help the service providers to make effective control and co ordination with the implementation steps including tracking and monitoring. In order to create image processing, video encoding, infrastructure provisioning the business process of Amazon is using the Simple Web Flow (SWF). Different work flow of the business model plays different organizational tasks in a co-ordinate manner. The architecture of the business process includes the workers and the deciders as well. All the tasks o f SWF are executed with the help of the workers and the deciders. Different programming languages could be used for writing the workers and deciders with the help of the SWF by using the API web services (Slagel et al. 2015). The program could be executed in cloud, on premises or in both platforms. Before adapting the SWF an enterprise could also test its efficiency. Though, the business process of Amazon is not available all over the world but still they are trying to serve the requirement of the consumers. 4.Innovative Products or Services Offered by Amazon.com Amazon prime is referred to as membership programs that provides consumer access to the streaming video, music, e-books and free shipping also. This is a paid service that serves different sort of advantages to the consumers in terms of trial version. In order to get distinct advantages a user should subscribe to Amazon Prime. Amazon prime gives different deal and discounts to the users. Amazon Web Service (AWS) serves a large set of global could based products including computer, storage area, memory, data storage, analytics, networking, developing tools, management tools and internet of things also in terms of security and organizational application (Bernstein 2014). Another important service of Amazon is Amazon Go it is a new kind of store that has no associated checkout system. Amazon serves one of the most advanced shipping technologies and the free checkout shopping experience helps to get competitive advantages. Currently Amazon Go is open to the employees in the Beta programs but will be soon open for public also. Amazon has a cashier free self checkout system that is designed with the help of Robotics. Other list of products and services served by the organization are as follows: Products Services Amazon Advertising and Amazon Alexa Connects the brand to the consumers and serves Voice control system. Amazon Dash, Amazon Drive It is a good ordering services and it also serves unlimited backup, disaster recovery and application resilience for photos, video, files sharing Amazon Echo, Amazon Fire OS Hand free speaker for voice controlling and Fire range of devices for the employees d consumers also. Amazon Tap Portable Bluetooth and wi fi services for the consumers and for the employees at the same time. Amazon workspace and Amazon Web Services (AWS) Serves a suite of cloud computing services for the consumers. It serves a secured desktop that run on the AWS. 5.Innovative Business Values The robotics of Amazon is continuously focusing on Reimagination aspects for faster migration and continuous development. A better picture imagined by Amazon has developed an effective connection which is capable to drive a complex issue to a simple one (Irani 2015). The simplicity of the solutions helps to drive the business faster easier and consistence as well. It helps to mitigate the range of challenges by meeting the desired requirements of the consumers. Amazon store is using the RFID enabled tags abut they are not implementing it in their stores. The innovative business models used by Amazon B2B and B2C, provides value to its consumers. Mainly in order to meet the requirement of the consumers the business is focusing to become a consumer centric business model. As the number of distributors and manufacturers are entering to the B2B e-commerce business model, thus the business is becoming more capable to serve the desired strategies (Sultan 2013.). The innovative business strategies are found to be very much beneficial. The IT based model rather the integrated information system has efficiently built a supply chain management system and effective consumer relationship management system for achieving the desired business revenue model. 6.Different Revenue Streams or Revenue Model From the current scenario it has been found that Amazon.com is one of the greatest revenue generating online organization over the world. Due to the introduction of different innovative business models Amazon is making profit from the marketplace. Before implementation of this business process, the developer of the online organization has gone through a Regret Minimizing Framework. Amazon is capable to make a large set of money with the help of the additional business properties and E-commerce venture as well. Instead of short term impact Amazon is currently focusing on the long term business profit generating models (Zheng et al. 2014). The revenue stream of the business organization showed that they could easily beat their competitors. After adapting an automated system flow Amazon is efficiently grabbing a large number of consumers throughout the world regardless of their location. Not only is this but also the organization is investing a lot for building robots that will allow th e users to become more friendly. It is also able to automate the data warehouse process used by Amazon.com. In the initial phase the organization was not at all profitable from the business perspectives but after the implementation of Amazon Web Services (AWS), in the year of 2003, the business is exceeding the margin of the standard profit level. The revenue of AWS makes a 7% profit but the total revenue is all about 50% of the total revenue structure (Yadav 2013). Again the services and products served by Amazon.com are found to be the main reasons behind the success of the online organization. 7.Important Technologies in terms of RFID, ROBOTICS, 3D Printing Amazon.com is using B2B and B2C business model for their business development and different technologies such as ROBOTICS, RFID and 3D printing could be used for the business model. There technologies used by different business models have their own value and features. Each and every business features are effective and beneficial from the organizational perspectives. Microsoft has developed RFID as an alternative for 3D printing (DaSilva et al. 2013). In order to track a set of orders and for gathering information from different resources, for the manufacturer, barcodes and electronic chips these kind of applications are used by most of the online shopping supporting business organizations. The technology used for 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing. Though, for most of the end products this technology is not fund to be cost efficient. The 3D printer provides a lower range of price point and high valued system features for the computing system. The high valued commerc ial expectation of Amazon services are running faster and the due to these innovation the shortcoming are mitigating at a rapid rate. Across the product spectrum, the speeds of the printers are increasing at a rapid rate. The concept of prototyping modeling has driven out the usage of the 3D printing. The RFID system works in two divided segments such as a tag or a label and a reader. The labels are associated to the transmitter and receiver to receive the radio frequency and transmit it to the desired location (McCreary and Kelly 2014). The Robotics of Amazon.com is looking for the continuous development and innovation In order to adapt large scale business growth, they are focusing on Reimagination. In order to turn complex business problems a simple solution, a better connection is required to be developed in terms of Reimagination. From the technological perspectives it has been found that 3D printing, robotics and RFID all of these are associated. 8.Evolution of the Business Model in Amazon The business models used by Amazon are B2B and B2C and about 800 pound of gorilla of the E-commerce has announced the launching story of the business models in the real world of application. After platform migration the developers realizes that implementation of B2B is a little harder than the others. The seller of amazon.com has offered their services in around 45 business specific categories (Klaus 2013). The category includes IT, tools and food at the same time. In addition to this, the features of the business model is consists of different business pricing, quality amount of discount, seller programs etc. Amazon performs an exceptional and efficient measure against the revenue per visitor that is referred to as one of the key measuring tool for the commercial website. In the initial day the organization used to serve only book for the book lovers butt gradually they implemented online website that was consists of several categories (Girotra and Netessine 2013). The major vision and the strategy of Amazon is to develop a consumer centric business model for the consumers. The Amazon online value positioning is communicative and it could communicate both online and offline. The online website is user friendly and through the online communicating platform the users and the service provider could interact with other efficiently. The consumers who want to access the official website of Amazon are required to register themselves with the website. Amazon has over 76 million of consumer accounts but only 1.3 million of sellers in the marketplace (Bergvall?Kreborn and Howcroft 2014). With the help of B2B business model the organization is capable to serve online secured payment service also. 9.Leadership Principle in Amazon While analyzing the leadership strategies for Amazon it has been found that the principles of leadership management are precisely used by the organization. The main leader behind the success of Amazon is Jeff Bezos. The leadership strategies helped the organization to operate efficiently (Varia and Mathew 2014). A list of leaders and executives are found while evaluating the success of the business organization. The founder of Amazon is the pioneer of e-commerce business strategies used in different business organization. The leaders motivate the employees to earn their trust and commitment at the same time. The leadership principles used in Amazon are as follows: Consumer obsession: The leaders of Amazon.com are strictly consumer focused and work at the backend of the business organization. In order to keep the trust of the consumers the organization is working vigorously (Madduri et al. 2014). They also keep their attention on the competitors to increase the growth revenue structure. Ownership: The business leaders are the owners and their active participation helps to increase the long terms values for the short term business results. The owner plays active roles behalf of other employees of the business organization. Invention and simplicity: The business leaders of Amazon are focused on innovation and invention from their project development team members (Kalin 2013). They are focused to new technologies development in order to simplify the work load and pressure. Hiring and developing the best: The leader of the HR department of Amazon, raise the bar of performance after each hiring approach. They look for exceptionally talented person who will be able to serve innovative ideas to others. 10.The List of Stakeholders of Amazon.Com Amazon is one of the most well-known online E-commerce organizations that is capable to satisfy their stakeholders throughout. It uses Carrolls model of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to measure the satisfaction of its stakeholder and the required responsibilities that are needed to be served by Amazon (Mathew and Varia 2014). From global aspect it is found that, Amazon should respond to the requirement of the stakeholders by evolving comprehensive CSR business strategies. With changing time Amazons stakeholders interest also keeps on changing. For global reach the condition needs a broad range of scope in terms of business strategy, policies and programs as well. It needs to provide more effort to satisfy their stakeholders. Amazon maintains the CSR to target the interest and requirement of the stakeholders (Bergvall?Kreborn and Howcroft 2014). Most of the E-commerce organizations face major challenges and pressure from the stakeholders and to avoid this problem, Amazon has d esigned an effective CSR program to gratify their stakeholders. The groups of stakeholders of Amazon are as follows: Consumers: The designed CSR provides high level of priority to its consumers. It has considered that consumers are their primary determinant to increase the business success. The mission and vision statement of Amazon implies this clearly as it highlights the centrality of the consumers. Amazons CSR has advanced communication and information strategies for secured transaction, logistics and product delivery as well (Varia and Mathew 2014.). By maintaining the competition among the sellers Amazon provides fair price with a maximum benefit. In order to ensure the consumer convenience, Amazon maintains advanced pricing and marketing mix business strategy. Employees: Employees are the group of significant determinants to Amazon as the organizational performance is dependent on their individual performances (McCreary and Kelly 2014). They provide high compensation, special training and development programs to develop their skills. Communities: It also maintains CSR for communities because they play important roles to change the perception regarding the services and products of the consumers. The interest of the community includes development support through education, environmental conservation and healthcare communities. 11.Competitive Advantages in Terms Of Porters Five Forces Amazon competes with many online organizations including smaller to larger online retail stores. Strong focus on the external market helps Amazon to enhance their resilient and conditional changes in the business organization (Amazon 2015). While evaluating the intensities of Amazon, the five factors that came under consideration include: Competitive rivalry: It competes against many large to medium online retail industries throughout the world. Most of the retail firms are found to be very much aggressive in nature and thus they exert a strong range of competition to Amazon. The major competitors of Amazon are Walmart, Flipkart, Myntra and many others. Due to high availability, Amazon has faced strong force of substitutes (Girotra and Netessine 2013). In order to achieve competitive advantages, they must adapt strategic priorities in terms of long terms competitive solution. Bargaining power of the buyers: The mission and vision statement of Amazon implies that, due to the consumer centric approach the consumers are capable to access a large set of category regarding sells and services. Bargaining power of the sellers: The suppliers control the availability while supplying materials to Amazon as per the requirements of the E-commerce operation (Mathew and Varia 2014). Amazon experiences moderate range of intensity for the bargaining power. Threat of the new entrants: The consumers of Amazon could easily access as per their needs and high availability of products help them to compete against medium to large business organization. Threats of the substitution: Many new business organizations are innovating everyday which provides potential threat to the online retails business of Amazon (Madduri et al. 2014). The consumers of the business organization could easily switch from one firm to the other whenever they want. Based on the external factors it has been found that, due to minor strategic issues, Amazons performance as an online retail industry is getting affected currently. Figure 2: Porters Five Forces for Amazon (Source: Madduri et al. 2014, pp-2269) From the overall discussion it could be concluded that, the marketing tools and technology used by Amazon are very much effective from the business perspectives and the goal of the business organization is becoming very much straight forward. From the Middle East and Arab word regional aspect it is found that due to the efficiency of the logistics, most of the people are interested in online shopping. Amazon is capable to grab a large set of consumers from this region only. The advanced and innovative business strategy and price range is comparatively lower than the other retail online organizations. It helps to increase the business revenue structure and due to this Amazon is capable to gain competitive advantages from the marketplace. In order to convert the analogue information to digital information application of digitization technology is the simplest way. Not only this but also Amazon.com is capable to prosumers also. The term prosumers means those consumers who are very much brand conscious. The products and services served by Amazon helps to build a consumer centric business and thus the revenue model of the organization are growing day by day. In order to simplify the Service work Flow (SWF) the implementation of AWS SDK a component of Java is found to be very effective and beneficial from the business perspectives. On the other hand, the electronic consumer unit and the Amazon Web service provide different offerings to the organizations. Sometimes, if the consumer electronic numbers are not found in the exact location that time, the Amazon has turned into the Amazons profit generating unit References Amazon, E.C., 2015. Amazon web services.Available in: https://aws. amazon. com/es/ec2/(November 2012). Bergvall?Kreborn, B. and Howcroft, D., 2014. Amazon Mechanical Turk and the commodification of labour.New Technology, Work and Employment,29(3), pp.213-223. Bernstein, D., 2014. Containers and cloud: From lxc to docker to kubernetes.IEEE Cloud Computing,1(3), pp.81-84. Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. DaSilva, C.M., Trkman, P., Desouza, K. and Lindi?, J., 2013. Disruptive technologies: a business model perspective on cloud computing.Technology Analysis Strategic Management,25(10), pp.1161-1173. DaSilva, C.M., Trkman, P., Desouza, K. and Lindi?, J., 2013. Disruptive technologies: a business model perspective on cloud computing.Technology Analysis Strategic Management,25(10), pp.1161-1173. Fernandes, D.A., Soares, L.F., Gomes, J.V., Freire, M.M. and Incio, P.R., 2014. Security issues in cloud environments: a survey.International Journal of Information Security,13(2), pp.113-170. Fokaefs, M. and Stroulia, E., 2014. Wsdarwin: Studying the evolution of web service systems. InAdvanced Web Services(pp. 199-223). Springer New York. Girotra, K. and Netessine, S., 2013. OM forumbusiness model innovation for sustainability.Manufacturing Service Operations Management,15(4), pp.537-544. Irani, L., 2015. Difference and dependence among digital workers: The case of Amazon Mechanical Turk.South Atlantic Quarterly,114(1), pp.225-234. Kalin, M., 2013.Java Web Services: Up and Running: A Quick, Practical, and Thorough Introduction. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.". Klaus, P., 2013. 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204 5th Ave N Logan Clark Essays - Cinema Of The United States

204 5th Ave N Logan Clark , Saskatoon SK S7K 2P1 Box 353 Nipawin ,sask Greetings, Charles Hamilton I'm writing in response to your M arch 1 st and March 17 th articles about the homicide of eagle feathers son. I feel slightly concerned about eagle feathers response to the tragic incident that occurred on the 1 st , as I don't feel it is a normal first reaction to just forgive his son's killer as a appropriate and normal response as I feel he has skipped all the grieving stages and is not going to handle his son's death the right way .what I am trying to say is am concerned he is going to resort to some kind of substance that may harm his wellbeing such as drugs or alcohol, judging by the response he publicly announced on the 17 th. I do understand his points of view as well as I don't agree with it I can see his view on the incident. I see him as the type person who would rather remember his son as his son and not the young adult who died by the hands of murderer. These are some of the reasons I think his idea of how to go about on the situation is to forgive those who wrong you. I feel he is not handling the loss of his son the right and healthy way. I hope you take the time to look over my opinion and consider my thoughts on the situation. My greatest thanks for taking your time and I truly hope Gordon grieves correctly. Sincerely: Logan Clark

An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge By Ambrose Bierce - 1

An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge By Ambrose Bierce - 1 An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge By Ambrose Bierce – Book Report/Review Example An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge In what ways are the condemned mans perceptions of time and motion distorted as he is waiting to be hanged? (25%)As Bierce is describing the setting of which Farquhar was to be immediately facing his death in detail such as the beams, planks, ropes, and soldiers with their guns, ready to conduct his condemnation, Farquhar distorts his reality of time and motion when he imagines everything slowing down from the drift wood that is floating in the river to his death where he dreams of a long dream to prolong his life and granting his wishes of being able to see his wife (SparkNotes: An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, n.d.).2. What is ironic about the fact that Farquhar agrees with the saying that, "all is fair in love and war?" (25%)The irony in the statement, "all is fair in love and war† made by Farquhar would be the fact aside from saluting soldiers who fight wars to be a hero of their generation despite the inevitable deaths, he still agrees t o this statement even when he is not involved in any war and yet his death is being asked of him. His death is unnecessary as compared to soldiers who are willing and prepared to die.3. What details in Part III suggest that Farquhars journey occurs in his mind? (25%)We can see that Farquhar’s journey occurs in his mind as the author used a very limited third-person point of view, making the story seemingly told by Farquhar himself. Also, the reality of Farquhar’s fear of leaving everything behind especially his loved ones and holding his life dear to him as he deems it undeserving of death is a human nature that proves Farquhar is thinking about the series of events he is undergoing. 4. Point of view refers to the vantage point from which the story is told. Why is the limited third-person point of view appropriate for this story? How might the story be different if Bierce had used an omniscient third-person narrator? (25%)The limited third-person point of view is very appropriate for this story because it allowed readers to actually understand what was going through Farquhar’s mind. It was also instrumental in being able to emphasize realism used as a technique in the story, especially when Farquhar tries to distort it by creating his own imaginations of being able to escape his death and being able to see and hug his wife. Bibliography:"SparkNotes: An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge." SparkNotes: Todays Most Popular Study Guides. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Apr. 2013. .

Accounting Information Systems (AIS) And Telecommunicating Accounting Essay

Accounting Information Systems (AIS) And Telecommunicating Accounting Information - Essay Example This paper stresses that using Accounting Information System (AIS) is not risk-free. Any data that can be communicated across the internet or through satellite can be viewed and interrupted by a third party without main party’s prior consent. Such unwanted intrusion is also known as hacking into unauthorised systems. Every organization that has globalized over the years must ensure the safety of data of their customers when they operate. With thousands of new software built across the globe every day, the loop holes of the system penetration is getting more visible. Sometimes, it so happens that some hackers work so swiftly that even the organization to which they target to hack, cannot find out that they are being hacked until it’s too late to recover actual losses. This essay makes a conclusion that this unsecured public network connection becomes vulnerable to such attacks frequently so the organizations decided to work under secured private networks with B-2-B and B-2-C network architecture. These are basically electronic commerce concepts that incorporate AIS and enable the organization to communicate in secured zones where third party cannot intrude as the network is privatised. In short we may say that with little responsibility on organizations’ behalf, if the AIS are implemented in secured private networks, its benefits outweigh risks for the customers as well as the organizations.

Esaay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Esaay - Essay Example The paper will explore my career objective, learning style, my team role, personal attributes and abilities as a mathematician in computer science and information technology. My career objective is to work for a reputable organization as top-level management in the fields of finance, management, public service or actuarial management where I would be able to use my mathematical and analytical skills to solve mathematical problems related to computer science. I will also be able to use my outgoing personality, enthusiasms, positive attitude, and will to work as a team to enhance the performance of the organization. Learning style preference is a factor that dictates the things that students learn and the ease with which they are learnt. This is because they have the potential of exerting powerful manipulation on the learning effectiveness. For this reasons, Honey and Mumford formulated a four learning style questionnaires that learners may prefer to adopt and a preferred learning methodology. These include the activist, reflectors, theorist, and pragmatism learning styles. I being interested in mathematics that requires deep analytical and complex computations and my preference of working as a team, I prefer the pragmatic learning style. This is because it allows me to ask questions on the spot from my lecturers who are experts in the field of mathematics. Pragmatic learning style enables discussion with my colleagues easy as one who is more knowledgeable in a particular area is given a chance to demonstrate to others the problem instead of struggling as an individual making trial and error as is the case with activist style (Pont 87) Leaning power refers to the skills and psychological traits that enable learners to engage effectively in diverse learning challenges. In this regard I believe that I posses different learning traits and powers that has seen me improve and get good marks in mathematics. My

Role of Carotenoids on the Immune Response

Role of Carotenoids on the Immune Response There is growing evidence from in vitro and in vivo laboratory animal studies that ÃŽ ²-carotene can protect phagocytic cells from autoxidative damage, enhance T and B lymphocyte proliferative responses, stimulate effector T cell functions and enhance macrophage, cytotoxic T cell and natural killer cell tumoricidal capacities, as well as increase the production of certain interleukins. Because of their molecular composition, specifically their highly conjugated double-bond structure carotenoids such as beta-carotene and lutein serve as effective scavenger of the harmful unpaired electrons (eg. singlet oxygen, free radicals) produced by normal metabolic processes that damage body tissues (eg. via lipid peroxidation, Krinsky 1992).The cells of the immune system are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress and may benefit substantially from the free radical trapping ability of carotenoids, as the immune response itself produces reactive oxygen species that disrupt the intercellular si gnals sent via lipid-rich, membrane- bound receptors (Chew 1993). An enormous body of literature has accumulated over the past 20 year demonstrating the potency of carotenoids as immuno stimulants in humans and other mammals(reviewed in Hughes 2001, Krisnsky 2001). However, within the last decade, it has also been suggested that these carotenoid derived sexual colours may signal the health and condition of males of birds and fish of the specific antioxidant and immune stimulatory activity of carotenoids obtained from the diet and transported through the body before they are incorporated into the integument (Lozano 1994, von Schantz et.al; 1999; Moller et.al 2000). This issue continues to be debated on theoretical grounds (Hill 1999a ; Lozano2001), fueld by the idea that colorful birds and fishes obtain far more carotenoids in the diet than carotenoid deprived mammals, thus individuals may not be limited in the extent to which they can use carotenoids to boost their immune response. Early studies demonstrating the ability of dietary carotenoids to prevent infections have left open the possibility that the action of these carotenoids may be through their prior conversion to vitamin A. Subsequent studies to demonstrare the specific action of dietary carotenoids have used carotenoids without provitamin A activity such as lutein, canthaxanthin, lycopene and astaxanthin. In fact, these non provitamin A carotenoids were as active, and at times more mediated and humoral immune response in animals and humans. Results have similarly shown immuno enhancement by non provitamin A carotenoids, based either on the relative activity or on the type of immune response affected compared to ÃŽ ²-carotene Studies on the role of carotenoids on immune response have generally used several key immune function assays. These include Ig production,lymphoblastogenesis, lymphocyte cytotoxic activity, cytokine production, delayed type hypersensitivity. In the 1930s, Green and Mellanby found that infections of the ear, bladder, kidney and gut of vitamin A-deficient rats were prevented when the rats were fed with ÃŽ ²-carotene. The level of carotene needed to prevent these infections was higher than the amount required to stimulate growth. Clauson observed that in young children with severe ear infections, improvement was seen following an increased intake of dietary carotene. These two early reports suggest that the anti-infective effect of ÃŽ ²-carotene may be due to its pro-vitamin A activity. ÃŽ ²-carotene may also have an independent effects on immune responses, separate from its provitamin A activity. ÃŽ ²-carotene and other carotenoids with nine or more conjugated double bonds may enhance immune function by quenching singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species, including free radicals. ÃŽ ²-carotene and canthaxanthin together inhibited the loss of macrophage receptors following exposure to reactive oxygen intermediate (Gruner et. al., 1986). T helper cells are involved in helping B cells secrete specific antibodies in response to an antigenic challenge. Experiments were performed , in which laboratory animals were either fed ÃŽ ²-carotene or canthaxanthin to determine a carotenoid effect, separate from a provitamin A effect on T and B lymphocyte functions. Canthaxanthin has the same ability to quench singlet oxygen and free radicals as ÃŽ ²-carotene but cannot be converted to vitamin A in mammals. Specific immune responses of laboratory animals were similarly enhanced with diets containing canthaxanthin as with diets containing ÃŽ ²-carotene (Benedict and Shapiro 1986). Some new investigations indicate that carotenoid can play a very important role in enhancing immune responses, which can lead to the reduction of tumor growth. The immune system has three cell types capable of killing tumor cells. In a preliminary report, it was shown that human natural killer cells killed significantly more tumor cells when incubated with ÃŽ ²-carotene than human cells not exposed to ÃŽ ²-carotene. ÃŽ ±-carotene also enhanced tumor killing (Leslie and Dubey, 1982). Carotenoids, besides acting through the various mechanisms described earlier, can also influence immune function through their ability to regulate membrane fluidity, and gap junctional communication. All these actions are most likely interrelated in their modulation of an immune response. Carotenoids help to maintain the membrane receptors that are essential for immune function, and they may also be found to be important in the release of immune modulatory lipid molecules such as leukotrienes. Carotenoids may increase the tumoricidal activity of the cytotoxic T cells, macrophages and or natural killer cells by any of these mechanism of action. Carotenoid enhances many aspects of immune function which include T and B lymphocyte proliferation, induction of specific effector cells capable of killing tumor cells, and the secretion of factors required for the communication between immunologically competent cells. The action of carotenoids on immune response hangs in a delicate balance with the intra-and extra cellular milieu, the outcome of which depends not only on the type and concentration of the carotenoid but also on the cell type and animal species involved. Even though studies to date have provided evidence for a specific action of carotenoids much has yet to be done to truly understand their molecular action. CAROTENOID AS PRO-VITAMIN A SOURCE Biosynthesis or conversion of carotendoids into vitamin A: Conversion of carotenoids into vitamin A becomes complicated in fishes and aquatic animals, due to the presence of vitamin A2, which frequently predominated over vitamin A in animals living or spawning in freshwater.The presence of an unsubstituted ÃŽ ²-ionone ring in the caroteniod molecule supports for vitamin A activity. Both vitamin A1, and A2 can be formed in some fishes from common precurors, such as ÃŽ ²-carotene (Morton and Creed, 1939). Carotenoids containing at least one unsubstituted 3, 4 dehydro ÃŽ ²-ionone ring have been shown to act as specific provitamins A2 in chicks (Budowski, et.al 1963) and mice (Budowski and Gross, 1965).According to (Budoswki, et. al 1963) the dehydration of lutein to anhydrolutein (3,4- dehydro-3-hydroxy ÃŽ ²-carotene), a provitamin A2 might be of possible biological significance in this respect. There are two pathways for the conversion of carotenoids to vitamin A in mammals, central cleavage and eccentric cleavage. In 1960, Glover thoughtfully discussed various pathways by which carotenoids might be converted into vitamin A. He indicated that two primary oxidative reaction might occur, one at the central 15, 15’ double bond and the other at one or more of the other double bonds. The product of the central cleavage of ÃŽ ²-carotene would be two molecules of retinal, where as that of eccentric cleavage would be one long and one short ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenal e.g. cyclocitral and ÃŽ ²-apo-8’-carotenal, by the rupture of the 7’:8’ double bond. The enzyme, ÃŽ ²-carotenoid-15, 15’-dioxygenase which converts ÃŽ ²-carotene into two molecules of retinal requires molecular oxygen and is inhibited by sulfhydryl-binding and iron –binding reagents. Most pro vitamin A carotenoids,including the ÃŽ ² apo-carotenals,are cleaved to retinal by this enzyme. Thus, carotenoid dioxygenase with eccentric bond specificity has been indentified in mammals, the yield of ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œapo-carotenals from ÃŽ ²-carotene in vivo and in vitro is very low, and ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals are formed nonbiologically from ÃŽ ²-carotene. Cyclic carotenes may be oxidized to hydroxylated and epoxide derivatives, converted to allenic and less saturated derivatives, or cleaved oxidatively to shorter products. Central Cleavage: In 1965, the cytosolic enzyme preparations of the intestine and liver converted ÃŽ ²-carotene to retinal were shown by two independent groups (Goodwin, et.al and Olson et. al 1965 ). The enzyme required molecular oxygen, yielded retinal as the sole identified product, was inhibited by ferrous-ion chelating agents and by sulfhydryl binding reagents (Olson, 1983). The main yield of retinal formed from the ÃŽ ²-carotene was 40-60%( Goodman and Huang, 1965) and (Olson, 1969). Since ÃŽ ²-carotene is unstable during isolation by TLC some losses occurred as a result of both biological as well as non biological oxidation during incubation, retinal was the major, if not the sole, biological product of the reaction. The retinal formed was satisfactorily characterized by several chemical and physio-chemical procedures. The enzyme, termed ÃŽ ²-carotenoid 15, 15’- dioxygenase was subsequently purified 20 to 70 fold from the intestines of several species and upon purification it became unstable. ÃŽ ²-carotenoid- 15,15’-dioxygenase cleaves many carotenoids, including several ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals.There may be some quantative differences but the relative rates of cleavage are similar(Singh and Cama 1974). In general, relative to the aldehyde form, the ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals are better substrates and the ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenic acids are poorer substrates for the enzyme. Retinal has clearly been identified as one product of the reaction. Eccentric Cleavage. ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals are intermediate between carotenoids and vitamin A. In conversion of ÃŽ ²-carotene to vitamin A, an important observation was made in a recent study that individual ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals are formed in small but significant amounts by incubating ÃŽ ²-carotene aerobically in the dark with shaking for an hour in the absence of an enzyme preparation. When compared, the reported rate of enzyme-catalyzed retinal formation is much higher.Despite these low yields, ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals might still be formed biologically from B-carotene in mammals. But in future studies, the non-biological formation of oxidation products of carotenoids must be carefully assessed and the rate of the eccentric cleavage reaction, both in vivo and in vitro, must be related to the rate of formation of retinal by central cleavage. The metabolism of the ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals has been addressed primarily in terms of their conversion to vitamin A and their oxidation to ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenoic acids. As analogous of retinal, however, they are expected to be metabolized in a similar way. Thus a significant part of them may well be reduced to ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenols (Glover, 1960) and (Sharma et .al 1977) and subsequently esterified to ÃŽ ²-apo carotenyl esters. Such compounds like retinyl ester and esterified lipids, should be transported primarily in the Chylomicra. Fish are much more versatile than mammals in meeting their needs for vitamin A (Olson, 1983). Fish are able to convert astaxanthin (3,3’-dihydroxy, 4,4’-diketo-ÃŽ ²-carotene), canthaxanthin (4,4 diketo-ÃŽ ²-Carotene) and isozeaxanthin (4,4’-dihydroxy ÃŽ ²-carotene) to ÃŽ ² carotene. They can also convert anhydrolutein derived from lutein, to dehydroretinol (Goswami ;1987). The oxidative metabolites of carotenoids work as essential molecules in a wide variety of living organisms. Carotenoids are converted to biologically active products such as abscisic acid, trisporic acid and retinoic acid in plants, fungi and animals respectively. Their formation is mediated by enzymes that catalyze cleavage reactions against specific double bonds of cartenoids. Moreover, carotenoids vulnerable to oxidation have the potential to be converted to biologically active compounds by chemical transformation. In mammals, ÃŽ ²-carotene 15,15’-dioxygenase catalyzes conversion of ÃŽ ²-carotene to retinal (Olson and Hayaishi, 1965) and (Goodman and Huang 1965). Although the cleavage enzyme plays a crucial role in vitamin A formation, its properties have not yet been fully revealed. The regulatory mechanism of the dioxygenase in particular remains to be clarified in terms of the nutrition of pro-vitamin A carotenoids. Dietary ÃŽ ²-carotene solubilized in mixed micelles wit h bile components and hydrolyzates of dietary lipids is absorbed in intestinal cells. Retinal formed from ÃŽ ²-carotene is further converted to retinyl ester by retinal reductase and lecithin retinol acyltransferase with the aid of cellular retinol binding protien type-II (CRBP-II), and then incorporated into chylomicron (Ong,1993). Thus, the cleavage of ÃŽ ²-carotene in intestinal cells is closely linked to lipid and retinoid metabolism, and the regulation of the cleavage enzyme activity should be considered in this context. Moreover, the cleavage enzyme is located in the intestinal cells, which are directly exposed to various food components. Action of dietary phytochemicals on the dioxygenase activity might affect the bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoid derived from fruits and vegetables. Carotenoids can be oxidized to a number of compounds by chemical transformation, in contrast to the specific cleavage of certain carotenoids by the enzyme, because of the high reactivity of conjugated double bonds to active oxygen species. The enzymatic conversion of ÃŽ ²-carotene to vitamin A, the non-enzymatic cleavage of lycopene, and the biological actions of the oxidation products of lycopene are described in Akihiko Nagao†s paper.

Does Free Trade Retard or Improve Development in Developing Countries E

Introduction The 19th century international system was a very significant era of the doctrine and practice of free trade. This key date in the 19th century was 1846, the year England repealed the corn law. The corn laws had protected British aristocrats and farmers from imported corn. Corn at this time was used to make bread. This dispute pitted industrialists and many workers against landowners and farmers. The industrialist wanted cheap corn so that the cost of bread would be lowered and they could reduce or reduce workers wages. This would give their products a competitive advantage in international markets over products from nations where the cost of food and wages were expensive. The workers in Britain also supported this law because they wanted to buy cheap bread. David Ricardo, a stock trader and member of parliament, articulated the liberal theory of comparative advantage which made intellectual case for free trade. Today this theory of comparative advantage has remained the bedrock of ar guments for economic integration and free trade. The broad purpose of this paper is to try and answer these questions; †¢ Does Free Trade Improve or Retard Development in Developing Countries †¢ Is Free Trade really Free. Free trade is the trade among two or more countries without any limitations imposed by the governments or other regulators; thus the free movement of goods and services across national frontiers (O’Brien and Williams, 2007 p.139). (Vander .W, 2005 p.24). It points to the liberalisation of the markets of nations through the elimination of tariffs, quotas and other form of restrictions to allow the free flow of products beyond national borders. Benefits of Free Trade Trade Openness. Free Trade has remained a fundam... ...the Barrel: Africa’s Oil Boom and the Poor. Available at http://www.crsprogramquality.org/storage/peacebuilding/Bottom%20of%20the%20barrel.pdf European Commission, (2012). Trade, growth and development; Tailoring trade and investment policy for those countries most in need [SEC (2012) 87 final]. O’Brien, R. and Williams, M. (eds.) (2007) Global Political Economy: Evolution and Dynamics. 2nd edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave. OECD, (2009). Journal on Development Trading Out of Poverty; How Aid for Trade Can Help. World Bank (2000) World Development Indicators 2000. Washington D.C: World Bank [Online] Available at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator Stop Free Trade : Available at http://www.stopftaa.org/is-free-trade-really-free-what-it-costs-a-country.html UNCTAD, (2004).The Least Developed Countries Report . UNCTAD/LDC/2004 (Overview), sales no.E.03.II.D.9.

Pro gay marriage Essay

How would you feel if someone tried to deny you the right to marriage? Does the government have the right to define marriage and decide who may marry? Marriage is one of the most common and powerful ways to show love and secure rights in that relationship. Marriage is many times taken for granted and even abused by many people. People tend to forget that the right to marry is not available to all people everywhere in the United States; some people have gone as far as proposing an amendment to the Constitution that denies same sex marriage. While churches can base their practice on their religious beliefs, civil rights, including the right to marry, should not be denied to anyone.How would you feel if someone tried to deny you the right to marriage? Does the government have the right to define marriage and decide who may marry? Marriage is one of the most common and powerful ways to show love and secure rights in that relationship. Marriage is many times taken for granted and even abu sed by many people. People tend to forget that the right to marry is not available to all people everywhere in the United States; some people have gone as far as proposing an amendment to the Constitution that denies same sex marriage. While churches can base their practice on their religious beliefs, civil rights, including the right to marry, should not be denied to anyone. In a country governed by the rule of law, the right to marry for homosexuals is inconsistently applied; and even when allowed, it is inconstantly recognized. Why should this be? The 1st amendment of the Constitution states that a person’s religious beliefs, or a lack of thereof, must be protected. Legislatures also cannot discriminate against marriages of the minority portions of the population; homosexual people fall into that category. There is also an amendment stating there is separation of church and state; therefore, religion cannot play a role in the civil rights issues of same sex marriage. Not t oo long ago, interracial marriage was frowned upon just like same sex marriage is today. (source 1) Imagine waking up one day to a world that was completely opposite from the world we knew when falling asleep, meaning gay people were now straight and all straight people were now gay. Do you think we would be willing to fight for our rights or have them denied; personally I would fight for my right to marry whom I choose, just as millions of Americans are currently doing. America is the land of the free, but we are not free to marry whomever we would like. We are equals in this world whether we are Black, White,  Hispanic, Indian, or any other race for that matter. Why should we not be equals based on sexual orientation? Churches must base their practices on their teachings; but basic civil rights under the law must be assured to all. No one in this nation is a second class citizen: marriage is a right under our legal guarantees of equality. Even though gay marriage should be legalized, some people have different beliefs. In most religions including Christianity, Islam, and Orthodox Judaism, same sex preferences may be a sin. Some decree that only homosexual activity is sinful. People believe in procreation to repopulate the world, but are against gay marriage and homosexuals adopting children to have the family they cannot create on their own. If this is truly the key issue against gay marriage, then it would only seem reasonable that only people w ho are fertile and want to procreate should be able to get married according to this bias. America has never really given gay marriage a chance, but seems to believe gay marriage will weaken this institution by leading to high divorce rates. Divorce rates are already high, even though most churches are not in favor of divorce. â€Å"One reason legislatures are denying gay marriage is because they are fearful that opening the door to allowing gay marriages will open the door to polygamy as well. This would also mean reopening cases about polygamy in the past which they are not willing to do.† (source 4) Others are fearful for children’s futures, and they fear being raised by two fathers or by two mothers may compromise children’s mental capacities and confuse their moral understandings. Marriage, based on true affection for another person, is not only a social intuition but an economic and safety measure as well. In places where gay marriages are banned, the gay couples are not able to have the same benefits as others. When filing for health care or insurance through a job, gay couples are not able to add each other on to their accounts. Most loved ones, such as a spouse or a child, in a straight marriage, can make life altering decisions in a hospital if need be. Since gay marriage is not legal, said person’s spouse is not recognized as the next of kin and care is delayed or wishes denied. (Source 2) California, Hawaii, New York, and the District of Columbia all have domestic partnership laws and civil partnerships, meaning it is a marriage without the religious factor. Civil partnerships also give couples the ability to have joint bank accounts, live in the same house, and pay bills together. Homosexual couples  are not entitled to this in most states. Ma rriage benefits should be available to all couples, no matter what. Parenthood is a benefit of marriage but gay couples cannot have children by themselves, without some type of help. They often look to adoption agencies. In some cases, gay couples are put on longer waiting lists or denied completely. There are other benefits to being married as well, such as tax breaks, a shared last name and adoption sharing as well as legal standing in society. It would seem that the solution to the question of same sex marriage would be easy; allow an individual the right to choose a partner and marry whom he or she wants. However, the issue in our society is intertwined in questions or religion, politics, ethnicity, and tradition. These factors affect every major issue in the nation today. Although I and many others support the right to marry, overcoming societal hurdles will not be easily accomplished. We must be heard on this issue, however long it takes to make the needed changes. It would seem that the solution to the question of same sex marriage would be easy; allow an individual the right to choose a partner and marry whom he or she wants. However, the issue in our society is intertwined in questions or religion, politics, ethnicity, and tradition. These factors affect every major issue in the nation today. Although I and many others support the right to marry, overcoming societal hurdles will not be easily accomplished. We must be heard on this issue, however long it takes to make the needed changes.

The Field Of Electrical Engineering - 1548 Words

The field of Electrical Engineering is the field into the future. Electrical Engineers learn electricity’s principles, interact with electrical properties, and imagine its application for the future. Without any end in sight, the field is vast and growing with several thousands of companies dominating the field today. Additionally, electrical engineering is proving to be a stable career choice as there is a growing market for electrical innovations, advancing technology to assist in the education of future engineers, and a high demand for workers. However, there is one large underlying problem for the entire field which surprisingly has nothing to do with the field itself: a lack of communication. In the age of the internet, millions of companies, engineers, and students still struggle to maintain modern knowledge of cutting edge technology, current inventions, and important discoveries due to the lack of common, free communication of these findings. 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